The American Revolution A Political Upheaval - 1899 Words

The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. Starting in 1765, members of American colonial society rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them without colonial representatives in the government. During the following decade, protests by colonists—known as Patriots—continued to escalate, as in the Boston Tea Party in 1773 during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea from the Parliament-controlled and favored East India Company. The British responded by imposing punitive laws—the Coercive Acts—on Massachusetts in 1774, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. In late 1774 the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain, while other colonists, known as Loyalists, preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. The conflict then evolved into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War . Patriots in each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonialShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : A Political Upheaval That Took Place Between 1763 And 17751053 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Moore HIST 1301.21010 October 12th, 2014 The American Revolution The American Revolution, a political upheaval that took place between 1763 and 1775 during which the rebels in the original thirteen American colonies overthrew the authority of the British Crown and founded what we are today, The United States of America. The following events that occurred between 1763 and 1775 were the final events that led to conflict between The American colonies and Great Britain which ultimately lead toRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly social issue s such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreMain Causes Of The French Revolution996 Words   |  4 PagesThe commencement of the French Revolution arranged the country of France being at the brink of bankruptcy. Causes for this brink are easily seen. King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, lavished money on themselves and residences such as Versailles. Queen Marie especially, over spending money and was seen as a wasteful spender. The government, found that funds were depleting due to wars in the same manner as the funding for the American Revolution. Deficit spending, a government spending moreRead MoreRussia and Latin Americas Responses to Industrialization Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst a dictator. Latin America, as a result of industrialization, created a small market for manufactured goods unlike Russia’s vast industrial market powered by foreign investments. Also, there were long-term effects to Russia’s revolution in which a social ist political party was created as a result of industrialization, unlike Latin America which was immobilized with regional conflicts and factionalism. The globalization of industrialization began in Britain, spread throughout continental WesternRead MoreThe American Revolution Essay examples588 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution was when the British colonies in America revolted against British rule for being taxed by people not even living on their land and gained independence by overthrowing British imperial rule under King George III. The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. The French Revolution began less than two decades after the American Revolution. In manyRead MoreRole of Ideas in the French and Russian Revolutions1432 Words   |  6 PagesCount: 1511 How important was the role of ideas in the outbreak of revolution? When comparing the French Revolution of 1789 and Russian October Revolution of 1917, a series of parallels become evident. Both revolutionary groups became determined with an extensive emergence of new ideas, which captured a strong majority of the respective populations. The importance of the ideas was critical to maintaining a drive for the revolutions considering they acted as a manifestation of what the public and theRead More`` Revolutionary Mothers `` By Carol Berkin1194 Words   |  5 Pageswritten by Carol Berkin in 2005. The book mainly focuses women roles throughout the American Upheaval period. The purpose of writing this book was to help the reader to not only understand these roles but also apprehend the social/cultural norms throughout the struggle of America’s Independence period (Berkin 11). Berkin begins with a brief analysis of the cultural and social norms of women during the American Revolution era. Berkin then examines the way this era helped to change ma ny of those culturalRead MoreThe Cuban Revolution : An Single Most Important Event Of 20th Century Latin America1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Cuban Revolution took place over a six-year span from 1953 to 1959. The series of armed rebellions ultimately resulted in the overthrow of the US- backed Cuban government and ushered in a new era of Communist rule. It is often cited as the single most important event of 20th century Latin America. The Cuban Revolution was derived from social unrest and consequently had a major impact on Cuba’s domestic and foreign affairs most notably the installation of a communist government that still rulesRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly bro ught many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, theRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagesis based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century. The turmoil of the French Revolution spread throughout Europe and other nations. Kornblum (2008) suggests that the political upheavals were associated with tremendous social changes. The political revolutions demolished

Personality theory - 1733 Words

Extraversion is one of the five core personality traits described in the big five theory of personality. This trait is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness and excitability. People who are high in this trait are often described as being outgoing ad talkative, while those low in this trait are described as quiet and reserved. An extroverted disposition ; concern with what is outside the self rather what is inside. Introversion is one of the major personality traits identified in many theories of personality. People who are introverted tend to be inward turning, or focused more on internal thoughts, feelings and moods rather than seeking out external stimulation. Introversion is genereally viewed as†¦show more content†¦Individuals who score low on neuroticism partially those who are also high on extraversion generally report more happiness and satisfaction with their lives. When it comes to neuroticism, Felicia to me seems to be in the middle of it. I wouldn t say she scores a high level because her case study doesn t show signs of anxiety, moodiness, worry, envy or jealousy. Although Felicia doesn t show none of those signs she is very self - conscious and she also seems to be shy. The reason I say Felicia is shy is because in the case study it states that she sees waitressing as a means of practicing acting and she will often try out different roles and characters while working. The typical roles she will play at work are loud, very gregarious, and at times flamboyant which is the opposite of her personality, as most of her friends would describe her as shy and reserved. During auditions Felicia is noted to also be very out going and full of energy. She can easily project a full range of emotions. This statement shows me that Felicia has traits of a high neuroticism level but not enough to say she is on that level plus there are things that are present in a low neuroticism level like being calm and in her case study it says she will go along with things with no complaining and shows no sign of being depressed, she seems happy with things besidesShow MoreRelatedPersonality And Theory Of Personality Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesPersonality Examined Personality is deeply complexing subject that cannot be easily summed up. There is no concrete right answer, or only one way to evaluate any given subject, as every aspect of personality has more than one view point or angle. Famous psychologists such as Freud, Adler, Jung, Erickson, Eysenck, and Skinner all shaped and conducted the research that would come together and be taught to generations as the foundations of personality and the theory of personality. To better understandRead MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality can be defined in many ways due to the individual and unique aspects of personality, and there is yet to be a definitive answer for what personality is and how it comes into being. Generally personality can be defined as the relatively constant, individual and unique characteristics and traits which present themselves to others in different circumstances. Due to the many unknown factors of personality psychologists have suggested many ways in which personality is created,Read MoreTheories Of Personality And Personality1039 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of Personality At one point in life, at a young age or as a resident in an elderly home, the question of who am I will arise. It is a convoluted mesh of thoughts and feelings that a person will go through before coming up with an answer. Some people may even experience cognitive dissonance in trying to explain different stages of life, while others will be comfortable in responding instantaneously with minimal cognition. In going through this process and drawing up the ‘who am I’ andRead MorePersonality Theory : Personality Theories2989 Words   |  12 Pages Personality Theories Personality Theories: Of the many varieties of personality theory on offer, do you think any offer distinct advantages over the others, and if so, why? The personality of the man has been under study since the existence of man himself. It has been hard to understand the human personality due to the fact that one man is different from another. There are different aspects of life that have made the study of the human personality to be a challenge. Such factors include cultureRead MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories3650 Words   |  15 PagesPersonality is the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person’s character that influences behavior. Personality is something we deal with on a daily basis. We question people s behavior based on their motivations; like what childhood experiences did they go through to make them behave in a certain way. Many personality theorists present their own definitions of the word, personality, based on their own theoretical positions. These theorists try to explain people’s actionsRead MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories1845 Words   |  8 P agesIt is important for psychologists to understand the factors of personality to understand cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics required when treating clients. Personality is described as a range of characteristic that controls the way a person thinks, feels and acts that deliver coherence and direction in one’s life. A group of theorists once said, â€Å"each of us is in a certain respect like all other people, like some other people and like no other person who has lived in the past orRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Theories2646 Words   |  11 PagesThe personality theories available, as a collective whole, allow for the complete analysis of the developing personality of an individual. The emphasis of this specific paper focuses on the development of the author, Bryan Barker’s personality. The theories that will be discussed in the relation to the development of personality are the Big Five trait theory, with emphasis on neuroticism, a phenome nological approach, and finally the learning and cognitive approaches. A synthesis of the approachesRead MorePersonality Theory Of Personality Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesMany personality theorists offered different explanations for human behaviors as well as established specific stages of personality development. However, person centered theory does not have a theory of personality structure, rather believes that it is essential to follow certain principles in order to develop the self-concept. Rogers’s theory of personality is based on the notion that all individuals have the innate ability to reach actualizing tendency and establish a self-concept, which is congruentRead MorePersonality Theory2846 Words   |  12 Pagespersonality theories, types and tests personality types, behavioural styles theories, personality and testing systems - for self-awareness, self-development, motivation, management, and recruitment Motivation, management, communications, relationships - focused on yourself or others - are a lot more effective when you understand yourself, and the people you seek to motivate or manage or develop or help. Understanding personality is also the key to unlocking elusive human qualities, for exampleRead MoreCarl Rogers’ Theory Of Personality. Personality Theories1093 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Rogers’ Theory of Personality Personality theories suggest explanations for behaviors and how to change them. Multiple personality theories exist however one of the most interesting is the theory of personality by Carl Rogers. Rogers writes, â€Å"the core of man’s nature is essentially positive† (1961, p.73). â€Å"Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8,1902- February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist who, along with Abraham Maslow founded the humanistic approach to psychology† (â€Å"Carl,† 2017,

English Law of Libel

Question: Write an essay on English Law of Libel? Answer: All this while, efforts have been made by both the government and the Assembly to stable the English law of libel. The law was not accessible to all the people because of its difficult and expensive structure and hence it was not reachable to the public. This resulted in oppression of system done by rich and wealthy people. The Defamation Act received consent in April 2013. The purpose of the Act is to streamline and rebalance the law. It defines resistances to a libel claim, announces fresh techniques, bequests new control to the court and restricts libel tourism. The main purpose is to decrease the ease in the freedom of speech so that all the writers, publishers, journalists and editors get involved and engage themselves in less self-censorship and are competent to fight legal pressures. They shall be given more protection when the case comes to a trial. This shall give more space and freedom of expression in our country (Sense about Science, 2014). This act has a lot of role in the field of journalism. In journalism to know the truth or go behind facts there are many areas which are explored and crossed by the journalist. For such acts, history proves where action has been taken against many journalists for their wrong. Like in the case of Frankie Boyle the High Court jury awarded him a penalty of 54,650 pounds as the Daily Mirror had defamed him by labeling him as racist. Since then it looks like that London has a new name of libel capital of the world. UK is looked as a suitor welcoming country. Hence the Defamation Act 2013 is looked as a winning strategy over the libel reform. This act came into existence after many factors were raised near the government of bringing about changes in the libel resistances for print media, issuers and internet service suppliers; guidelines concerning recurrence of libel matter by using internet re-publishing, and deterrence of libel tourism (Britt Lucy, 2013). The Defamation Act 2013 shall contain the following changes: 1. There shall be new threshold for defining the serious harms done so that people should know as to when they can bring claims so that the useful time of the court is not wasted.2. Safeguard to the scientists and academics printing peer-reviewed factual in technical and educational bulletins3. Safeguard to such printing substance where there is involvement of public interest and where there are justified reasons to believe so. 4. Libel tourism also focused on constricting the assessment for assertions comprising persons with slight association to England and Wales being brought before the courts.5. Bringing a new procedure where the motive is to aid the prospective sufferers of defamation online, by determining the argument openly with the individual who has displayed the declaration.6. Single-publication rule to stop recurrent assertions in contradiction of an issuer about the identical material (BBC News, 2013). The case of McDonalds looked like they had made an error in litigating two unemployed activists, Dave Morris and Helen Steel, who were not among the others and were ready to fight a case against McDonalds. This was the first time that McDonalds went to a UK court after such assertions. In past it has been witnessed that McDonalds had enforced admission of guilt from many media channels comprising Britains BBC and chief papers such as the Guardian, Channel 4 for broadcasting a Germany documentary Jungle burger in 1990 and theNightline programme in New Zealand. McDonalds has also propelled solicitors letters to the Vegetarian Society of the UK about their publicationGreen scene, the publishers of a Polish primary schoolhandbook and to publishers of a UK Home Ecologyhandbook. It was proclaimed that there was a sense of fear in the environment where it was believed that if anything wrong is published or said about McDonalds then the person shall have to face a writ. Morris and Steel were dispensing leaflets titled Whats Wrong with McDonalds. The leaflet claimed that McDonalds was selling harmful food to people, oppressed its labors, encouraged rainforest devastation through livestock ranching, and promoted children in their promotions. Both of them were sued by McDonaldss in 1990. The name of the case was McDonald's Restaurants v Morris Steel. Due to lack of legal aid both Morris and Steel came as lawyers against McDonalds and this case went on for years in the judiciary. McDonalds asserted that they were fighting for the prevalence of truth. The British Libel laws is in favor of those who bring suit. It was the duty of Morris and Steel to prove that all the statements declared by them on the leaflets were true. McDonalds did not have to prove anything. Keil Starmer stated that the issue in the law is that the problem is not in proving the true facts as asserted but the problem is that the ones who are rich and wealthy has all the resources to get a good legal team with a big risk that in case the assertions are proved false then huge amount will have to be paid by the one who is not wealthy and loses the case. With this fear people do not fight against such big and wealthy companies. Morris and Steel were sustained by a global Mc Libel Support Campaign which collected money to aid with expenses. Both got 100 witnesses which had evidence to support the wrong doings of McDonalds products and practices. They also sued McDonalds as a SLAPP-back for dispensing leaflets proclaiming them as falsifiers. In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights administrated that Steel and Morris's have the right to a just trial as they were not given legal help and their freedom of expression has been dishonored. The UK government was given command to compensate 20,000 to Steel and 15,000 to Morris for charges and expenses (Beder S., 2009). The understandings of Justice Bell made the work of defendant even more cumbersome. There were questions as few assertions which were false did make any harm to the image of McDonalds more than the statements which were true caused more harm to the people. It has been stated that defamation law has wrongly affected the freedom of speech and free flow of information. Ample amount of money is required for making a defamatory action. The support of government and legal aid is very essential in such scenario (Nicholson M.). Libel action constitute of eight main actions: 1. Truth If it is proved that all the assertions made by you are true then cause of action taken by the plaintiff shall fail.2. Contextual TruthThe defense in contextual truth shall prevail if it is proved that the matter stated consists of one or more such points which are majorly true and the other libel accusations do not add to the damage of the status of the plaintiff.3. Defense for publication of public documents- This defense narrates to reasonable summary or excerpt of legislative material, court papers and council and other public-authority registers that are accessible for examination to the public. This defense shall not be granted I the plaintiff proves that the libel content was not printed fairly for the info of the community or the progression of learning.4. Defense of fair reporting of proceedings of public concern This defense shall include statement of global courts, global seminars, scholarly people, sports or leisure or vocation connotations, AGMs of public compan ies or any public meeting that has been brought forward to talk about matters in the interest of public. This defense shall not be granted I the plaintiff proves that the libel content was not printed fairly for the info of the community or the progression of learning.5. Defense of qualified privilegeIt is a defense to the publication of offensive data if the defense delivers that:The receiver has concern in having data on the topic,The material is printed to the recipient in the progression of delivering to the recipient data on that subjectThe behavior of the defense in printing that material is rational in the situations.The Defamation Act gives an elaborated outline for the court to resolve whether a publication was rational and justified in the situation. 6. Defense of Honest Opinion To gain this defense it is required to prove that:The material was an expression of outlook rather than a declaration of statement;The outlook linked to a material of public interestThe outlook is grounded on appropriate materialThe defendant shall lose if it proved that at the time of publication the outlook of defendant was dishonest. 7. Defenses of innocent disseminationIt is a defense to the publication of offensive material if the defendant printed the insulting material purely in the capability of a inferior supplier. 8. Triviality Section 33 of the Defamation Act grasps that no act for defamation subsists if you demonstrate that the situations of periodical were such that the plaintiff was doubtful to withstand damage (Ghattaura R., 2013). The Defamation Act 2013 brings about new serious harm thresholds which are formulated to aid public to comprehend when they can come forward to bring claims so that the courts time is not wasted at all. The Ministers assert that the new Act would certainly bring about a reverse chilling effect for the prior defamatory laws on freedom of expression and genuine discussion. The justice minister also said that time and again it has been observed that media houses, researchers and scholars have been confronted with unjustified lawful pressures for honestly condemning a corporation, individual or product. With the introduction of this new law any person who is articulating opinions and involved in public discussion can conduct in a way that the law information may provide with by giving them tougher defense against unfair and prejudiced pressures of lawful act. This act has brought about an end to the long fight for a just strike of balance between the right to freedom of expression and people's capability to defend their repute. The Defamation Act covers a chain of methods, comprising defense for experts and researchers printing peer-reviewed content in technical and educational periodicals, and for those printing matter that they rationally consider is in the public interest. This new procedure has been made with an objective to assist the possible sufferers of defamation online by determining the argument directly with the individual who has displayed the declaration (Press Association, 2013). Therefore, the defamation Act 2013 has brought about a positive change in the interest of the public as well as giving importance to the freedom of expression of the public without wasting the time of courts. Another changes which can be added to the Act are that the Act can provide with an improved defense for the operatives of websites hosting user-generated content. In other laws a single-publication rule is formulated to avoid same assertions made against a publisher about the same material. These factors shall also help in reducing the defamatory claims where the test for proving the assertions made shall be reduced (Press Association, 2013). References: Sense about Science, (2014), The Libel Reform Campaign The Defamation Act 2013: What does it mean for you?, Available From website: https://www.senseaboutscience.org/data/files/Libel/LRC_2014_What_does_the_law_mean_for_you.pdfBritt Lucy, (2013), Changes to the Defamation Act increased protection for the media?, Available From website: https://thejusticegap.com/2013/10/changes-defamation-act-increased-protection-media/BBC News, (2013), Defamation Act 2013 aims to improve libel laws, Available From website: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25551640Beder S., (2009), McLibel SLAPP Case, Available From website: https://www.herinst.org/BusinessManagedDemocracy/environment/SLAPPs/McLibel.htmlNicholson M., McLibel: A case study in English defamation law, Available From website: https://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/wisclaww.pdfGhattaura R., (2013), To sue or not to sue- defamation and libel: media law and ethics with Ian Anderson, Available From website: https://www.journalism-now.co.uk /sue-sue-defamation-libel-media-law-ethics-ian-anderson-week-3/Press Association, (2013), Libel: new Defamation Act will reverse 'chilling effect', ministers claim, Available From website: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/31/trivial-libel-claims-targeted-new-law

Old Man And The Sea Essays (1465 words) - The Old Man And The Sea

Old Man And The Sea This part of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the sea. In this part of the story, he goes out and fights nature in the form of terrible forces and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a small skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a fish after a long losing streak of eighty-four days. Unfortunately his friend must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For three harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second form of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to have salt on. This part of the story tells of a cold and harsh sea, that is, one that has value and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial value as well as the population of life in it. It is dark and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A similar story tells about a tidal pool with life called `Cannery Road'. This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his aid with food and drink. Also a point that might be good is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great period of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the quest he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which misleads him out far past his intended reach. This is where he starts to lose his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because of the three days in Easter, and continues to fight on though his goal may not aquire anything. This is another idea through which Christ did, a struggle to get a goal done even though it may mean certain destruction to himself. This might accomplish nothing but the satisfaction of doing this and also has great risks. Finally he comes upon a painful experience with his hand which is in great pain and won't move. This is useful in the place where Christ loses his physical self and has less to deal with. On the third day, he recovers himself and returns to his home even though his only remaining treasure was a broken skiff, experience, and a torn up marlin. And in the final conclusion, you can see him dragging the mast of his skiff, a cross-like object, in his hand. This story has a certain sequence of events, first it has a hunter vs. his prey. This hunter does respect th e prey. Throughout the book it has this series of events: encounter, battle, defeat, and respect for the prey. This is Hemmingway's `Code of Honor'. This part of the novel has to do with relationships between two characters. The first to discuss are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the small follower of the old man named Santiago. Manolin is a small person that follows Santiago and listens to his wisdom. They treat each other unfriendly though for Manolin calls the Santiago 'old man' and he calls Manolin `boy' which seems to be absurd. In that situation I would consider both of them to go see a doctor. The next relationship to talk about would be that between Santiago and the village, which seems to be much better. He is given credit for food and

The History Of Mayan Math Example

The History Of Mayan Math Example The History Of Mayan Math – Term Paper Example Mayans used a sophisticated number system known as Vigesimal. Mayans developed this complex form of mathematics due to the importance of both the calendar and astronomy in their culture. This Mayan system is to base 20 presumably from counting of toes and fingers. This is a bit complex compared to our system as we rely on a system that is only to base 10. The Mayans were able to work with very large numbers using 3 symbols only: a shell shape (representing a zero), a dot- representing one and a bar (representing 5). Just like the system we use today, they also used the place value system to express very large numbers; however they arranged the place values vertically. In the Vigesimal system, the second number is 20 times the numeral while the third place is 400 times the numeral. In our system today, the second number has a value 20 times the numeral. For instance, in the value 22- the first 2 is ten times the second 2. Another important fact to note is borrowing and carrying forwar d is only done when 20 is reached and not 10, as is practiced today. This system did not require too much literacy and was therefore extensively used in marketplaces by the illiterate. Combinations of items like pebbles, cacao beans, sticks and small bones could be used to express the numbers and simple arithmetic operations computed. Despite not knowing the concept of fractions, the Mayans discovered the importance of zero in mathematics at a time when Europe was still suffering with the Roman system that did not have a zero.Mayans put this complex mathematical system into use in astronomy and calendar. Through observations, they studied the stars and sky, keeping track of the movements of stars, planets and the sun. Once they recorded and mastered the movements of the sun and the weather changes that they experienced in each location of the sun, they came up with their seasons. They used this concept in agriculture. They discovered that decrease in the distance between the equator and the sun, symbolized the growing season and the end of a season represented harvesting period.There were two calendars in the Mayan civilization: Tzolkin and Haab. The former comprised 260 days while the latter comprised 365 days. Both calendars comprised of months with 20 days, therefore Tzolkin had 13 months while Haab had 18 months. The moths were numbered from 0 to 19. In the Tzolkin calendar, months were named after their 13 gods while in Haab calendar, months were named after religious and agricultural events. It is speculated that Mayans may have lived in the tropics and may have experienced overhead sun twice each year. They therefore may have measured 260 days and an additional 105 days for them to experience overhead sun.

Complete Breakdown of Every ACT Reading Question Type

Complete Breakdown of Every ACT Reading Question Type SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s helpful to know how much certain types of questions show up on the ACT Reading section in order to make the most of your studying. We’ve collected data from publicly available ACT tests on the types of questions that show up most frequently. In this article I’ll go through the different question types, how much they show up on the test, and how this information can help you. What Are the ACT Reading Question Types? Before we go through the distribution of question types on the test, I’ll give a brief outline of the different question categories we’ve established and what each one entails. Type 1: Big Picture Questions Big picture questions deal with the main subject of the passage or the narrator’s overall point of view.These types of questions require you to look at the passage holistically rather than focusing on one specific section. Example of a big picture question: The main theme of this passage concerns the: A. difficulty of first starting and then maintaining a friendship.B. process of making a new friend and how the friendship changes the narrator.C. problems the narrator has dealing with the loss of her former neighbors.D. differences in the lives led by two pairs of adults who at different times lived in the same house. Type 2: Little Picture/Detail Questions Little picture/detail questions will ask about a small piece of factual information in a passage.These are the most straightforward questions because they are completely literal; it’s just a matter of finding the correct information. Example of a little picture/detail question: According to the passage, the research that led to the development of the small-comet theory began with a project originally intended to study: A. the electrical activity accompanying sunspots.B. water entering Earth’s upper atmosphere.C. static in satellite transmissions.D. specks in satellite images. Type 3: Vocabulary in Context Questions Vocabulary in context questions ask about the meaning of a word in the context of the passage.They might also give you something in the passage to reference and then ask you to choose the vocabulary word that best describes it.These questions provide a line number for the word they're referencing, so that makes them a bit less time-consuming. Example of a vocabulary in context question: As it is used in line 58, the word humor most nearly means: A. personality.B. whim.C. mood.D. comedy. Type 4: Development and Function Questions Development and function questions askhow a certain paragraph or phrase functions in the context of a passage, how the argument in the passage is developed, or how the author structures the passage.These questions gauge your understanding of how thoughts should be organized in writing in general or why they might be arranged a certain way for a specific argument. Example of a development and function question: The main function of the second paragraph (lines 20-29) is to: A. identify some of Armstrong’s mentors, such as King Oliver.B. list some of the early events in Armstrong’s developing career.C. contrast Armstrong’s opinions of King Oliver and Fletcher Henderson.D. describe the musical style Armstrong developed jointly with Fletcher Henderson. Type 5: Inference Questions Inference questions ask you to make inferences based on a logical extension of information found in the passage.These types of questions are often perceived as difficult and subjective, but they can always be solved by looking at information directly presented in the passage. They just require a couple more steps in your thought process. Example of an inference question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the woman most strongly desires to attain which of the following qualities from dreaming? A. RelaxationB. Self-awarenessC. EntertainmentD. Self-control How does she know....she isn't already in a dream? I have to admit, the special effects almost distracted me from the sheer ridiculousness of this movie. Distribution of Question Types Here is a chart that lists all the different question types on the ACT Reading section along with their average distributions on the test: Question Type Average Number of Questions Percentage of Questions Big Picture 4 10% Little Detail 18 45% Vocabulary in Context 3 8% Development and Function 9 22% Inference 6 15% All Questions 40 100% ACT Reading always presents four types of passages in order on every test: Prose/Literary Fiction, Social Science, Humanities, and Natural Science.I'll go through the different question types again below, explaining their distribution on the test and whether they tend to show up more often with passages in certain topic areas. Big Picture Questions On each of the four publicly available tests we analyzed, we found four questions that could definitively be identified as big picture questions.This covers main point and point of view questions.Essentially, because there are four topic areas on the ACT Reading section, you should expect to see about one big picture question per topic area.They comprise4 out of 40 reading questions on average, so they only make up about 10% of the Reading section. Little Picture/Detail Questions Detail questions are the most common questions on the ACT Reading section.On the tests we analyzed, detail questions made up from 12 to 21 questions out of 40, so as much as half of the entire Reading section.On average, they’re about 45% of each test. This is good news because detail questions are the simplest ones to answer!These questions come down to reading carefully and finding the correct details in the passage. They’re more about time management than critical thinking. Vocabulary in Context Questions Vocabulary in context questions made up a relatively small percentage of questions on the tests we sampled.On one of the tests, we didn’t find any!On average, you can expect there to be about 3 vocabulary in context questions on the Reading section, so less than 10% of questions.This brings home the fact that knowing vocabulary is not very important on the ACT - it’s such a small portion of the test that it’s not going to be significant overall. Vocabulary in context questions tend to show up the most often in the Natural Science topic area, so along with the final passage or pair of passages in the reading section. Development and Function Questions Development and function questions are the second most common question type on the ACT Reading section.You’ll probably see about 7 to 10 function questions on the Reading section, so about 2 for each passage.They made up about20% of questions on each of the tests we analyzed. Development and function questions tend to show up the most often with the Humanities passage or pair of passages, so you'll commonly see them in questions 21-30. Inference Questions Inference questions are also common, but they're not quite as prevalent as function questions.It seems to depend on the test. I saw a wide range in how many inference questions were tested; on one test there were only 3, and on another there were 10.Inference questions usually make up about 15% of questions on the ACT Reading section.Inference questions are relatively even in terms of their distribution across subject areas. Your brain after being ENLIGHTENED. This really confuses me though - isn't the lightbulb supposed to be above your brain? Why is the brain inside the lightbulb? I don't have all the answers. How Does This Information Affect Your Approach to ACT Reading? Here are a few tips based on what we know about question distribution on the ACT Reading section. You can save yourself time by tailoring your approach to the types of questions you'll see most frequently. Adapt Your Passage Reading Strategy The biggest challenge on the ACT Reading section is not the difficulty of the questions - it’s time.Many people run out of time on ACT Reading because they haven’t nailed down a good strategy for reading the passages yet.They move too slowly and miss out on some of the questions. Because detail questions are the most common questions on the ACT, one strategy is to skip the passage initially and head straight for the questions.For questions that ask about a specific detail, it’s not critical to know the overarching structure of the passage. You just need to do a little search and find to locate the relevant detail. Once you answer the detail questions, which make up close to half of the questions for each passage, you will likely have a strong enough sense of the main point of the passage to answer more challenging inference, development and function, and big picture questions.Vocabulary in context questions can usually be answered without reading the passage first as well, since the line number is provided. Of course, if you’re already a fast reader and don’t have trouble with time pressure on the Reading section, feel free to continue to read the passage first.Some people prefer to skim and then head for the questions, but you should know that the distribution of question types on the ACT means that you don’t HAVE to read the whole passage first. Attention to Detail is Key As we now know, little picture/detail questions are the most common question type on the ACT.It follows, then, that attention to detail is critical on the test!I want to stress again that most of these questions are not that hard. What makes them difficult is time pressure along with a few tricky answer choices that you might fall for if you’re rushing. Avoid making assumptions, and don’t rush through the question if you can avoid it.Many of the mistakes students make on the ACT Reading section could be avoided by reading more carefully and paying attention to keywords or details in the passage.If you have any time at the end of the section, go back and check over your answers so that you can be sure you didn’t misread anything. Keep in mind the fact that all questions on the ACT Reading section, not just little detail questions, can be solved successfully by looking closely at the passage and finding direct evidence for your answers. Don’t Worry Too Much About Vocabulary Vocabulary usually gets a lot of attention in standardized test prep because it gives you the opportunity to focus on something concrete. It's evident from the question distribution numbers, however, thatvocabulary is almost a non-issue on the ACT. There will be a few vocabulary in context questions, but the words in these questions are not particularly advanced.These questions require strong reading comprehension skillsso you can understand variations in the meanings of common terms based on context.Your passage reading skills will be much more critical than your vocabulary knowledge when answering vocabulary in context questions. NOT TODAY! Summary There are five types of questions that you’ll encounter on the ACT Reading section: Big Picture Little Detail Vocabulary in Context Development and Function Inference The most common are little detail questions, then development and function questions, then inference questions, and finally big picture and vocabulary in context questions with about the same frequency. Based on this information about question distribution, you should: Read passages more strategically Pay close attention to detail Reduce time spent on studying vocabulary Now that you know the types of questions you'll see on the ACT Reading section, you can feel even more secure in your preparedness for the test! What's Next? For more information about ACT Reading, check out my other articles on the hardest questions you'll see on the Reading section and thefundamental strategyyou need to know to succeed on ACT Reading. You should also take a look at our guide to getting a perfect 36 on the Reading section if you're applying to very competitive colleges. If you're taking the ACT soon, read this article on the best way to practice for the Reading section! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Language Acquisition Priciples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Language Acquisition Priciples - Essay Example The article also discussed latest methods of teaching English as a second language and also the connected strategic actions. This article also details the position statements issued by three professional organizations about the teaching of ELLs. According to Judy Richardson (2005) the well known professional organization in the area of education is "Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages" (TESOL), which has issued several position statements. The most prominent of which is "Position Statement on Language and Literacy Development for Young English Language Learners" (October 2001). This position statement encompasses six main recommendations regarding language and literacy development for ELLs. The position statement underlines the need for: The position statement issued by TESOL and International Reading Association (IRA 2001), a professional organization dedicated to best practice in teaching literacy have demonstrated consistency in their approach with regard to what teachers should know and practice. These organizations have also laid down what rights the ELLs should be given. A meaningful mainstreaming and a proper evaluation of the ELLs is possible with the establishment of these rights.

Corporate Social Responisbility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Responisbility - Research Paper Example This notion of corporate social responsibility has been heavily debated on in recent years so much so that researchers have called into question the existence of the â€Å"social† aspect in â€Å"corporate social responsibility†. Advocates of CSR have increasingly defined it in terms of human rights, ethics, closures of plants, relations with employees and the environment. A more comprehensive definition of CSR and sustainability encompasses all three foundations of sustainability, including the people, economy and the environment. If only the social and environmental development is taking place that is referred to as â€Å"bearable† (Chick and Micklethwaite 83). If only the social and economic development is taking place, that is referred to as â€Å"equitable†, whereas, if only the environmental and economic development takes places, that is referred to as â€Å"viable† (Chick and Micklethwaite 83). CSR is achieved only when all three dimensions d evelop simultaneously; that is, it is bearable, equitable and viable (Chick and Micklethwaite 83). The very mention of CSR calls into question the reason for business’ existence. Whether or not businesses should be responsible for the society and environment remains questionable since the primary purpose of a business is to satisfy its shareholders and generate profits. This is the line of argument used by classical theorists who are against the practice of CSR. According to Milton Friedman, the only social responsibility of a corporate entity is that of doing business in an open competitive marketplace that is free of deception and any fraud by utilizing its resources in order to increase profits (Friedman 6). The classical advocates further maintain that managers are mainly responsible for catering to shareholders’ interests by enhancing financial returns to the business. Practicing CSR may lead to the dilution of economic productivity since the investments made in C SR may be irrecoverable (due to the non-profit nature of CSR activities) (Friedman 6). However, advocates of CSR base their arguments in favor of the same for various reasons. Usually, companies engage in such disclosure for two main reasons: achieving a competitive edge by enhancing employee morale and goodwill and pressure by external stakeholders such as governments, environmental agencies etc. Not adhering to the latter’s demands would mean a loss in company’s goodwill and, hence, profits. This leads us to the argument related to stakeholder view used by proponents of CSR. This view was conceptualized as early as in the 1970’s by Freeman who described organizations in terms of the managers’ relationships with stakeholders (Garriga and Mele 59). A stakeholder is typically any individual entity or group that has an impact on, or is affected by the corporation’s goals and objectives (Garriga and Mele 59). Companies can reconcile the conflicting ob jectives amongst stakeholders by engaging in a successful CSR dialogue with them in which the company gives something of value (such as a public service) to a significant community in lieu of popular support from groups and individuals within the environment. Advocates of CSR further state that firms are required to exercise duty of care when dealing with both primary and silent stakeholders (such as the community) (O’Riordan and Fairbrass 748). By recognizing the fact that shareholders’ interests cannot be satisfied without satisfying (to some degree) the

Research article Essay Example for Free

Research article Essay Based upon your request, I have conducted a research article on a potential venture which our firs can introduce and invest in a developing country such as India. Due to a shortage of healthcare providers and the poor conditions of the healthcare system, many Indians were dying because of the delay in receiving medical treatment, because labor supply of health professionals is intensive in India, the launch of InstyMeds[R] should help significantly resolve these issues. Recently, a company named InstyMeds Corporation developed their first ATM-Style medication dispenser, â€Å"InstyMeds ®Ã¢â‚¬ , which can label and dispense containers of different shapes and size; most drug forms including tablets, liquids, creams and so forth.    InsteyMeds ® claim that the dispensers can issue medication in a faster, simpler and more convenient way compared to those of traditional drug stores. Moreover, these dispensers are user friendly with their touch screen operating systems. For example, once the patient has been seen, the doctor can simply issue the prescription via the InstyMeds ® system, therefore patients are only required to enter the barcode which has been assigned under their name for verification purposes. The dispenser takes care of the rest and the medication will be labeled and dispensed within five minutes [5]. It is an all-in-one dispensing process which can be done at the same hospital/clinic; patients will no longer have to endure waiting times for medications. Because health professionals are inadequate in India, this is the target sector for this firm to launch InstyMeds ®.   At present there is an unstable drugs delivery schedule and a shortage of health specialists, patients are required to wait longer time before they receive their treatment.   For instance, most of the developing countries have only one doctor and pharmacist per 160,000 people [2]. The absence of health care professionals limits the access of both hospitals and pharmacies to up-to-date medical information; this affects the quality of services.   Since the latest information regarding medication is not accessible to the majority of pharmacists, they are heavily dependent upon the inserted package leaflets used as sources of medical information [3]. To prevent pharmacists from engaging these kinds of practices, InstyMeds ® will be an advantageous approach to solving this. Based on the research, InstyMeds ® can greatly benefit India within three reasons: 1. InstyMeds ® would provide benefit to people in India: Installations of InstyMeds ® allows patients to obtain their medicine 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This service is favorable to patients as the local transportation system is not yet sufficiently developed in India. 2. InstyMeds ® means to Pharmacists: The company claim the dispensers will handle more than 100 prescriptions per day; this can reduce the work load of pharmacists and so it allows the hospital to become more flexible when allocating their manpower.   Moreover, InstyMeds ® internal system will prompt pharmacists to re-stock medicine when the dispensers are running out of drugs.   As a result, pharmacists will then have more time to consult patients with regards to the usage of drugs; this will reduce, if not eradicate medical errors and ideally deliver patients a better service. 3. InstyMeds ® will also benefit the Indian government; the available funds that support the healthcare service are constricted for India, and so the use of InstyMeds ® would be an economical way to allocate the resources of healthcare systems. In general, pharmacists often spend a quantity of time keeping track of drug expiration dates, selecting package and labeling, and maintaining stable inventories. InstyMeds ® can handle everything as mentioned above so instead of hiring new pharmacists, costs can be saved and used in building up the infrastructure. Before the InstyMeds ® becomes public, it is a great opportunity for this firm to donate some of the dispensers free of charge to some non profitable organization such as â€Å"Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res†, this is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger; the organization operates in more than 70 countries. By offering InstyMeds ® to their organization, offers a gesture and a positive image for our company and will promote the dispenser at the same time. I believe the public will commonly use the dispenser in the near future and so it is a great idea for this firm to be the first company to launch it. InstyMeds ®, would be a new business venture of pharmaceutical services in the next ten years and this dispenser is not only beneficial to those people in India but profitable to our firm as well.   By investing capital into InstyMeds ® while offering free dispenser to the Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res, it will develop an investment strategy, which can maximize both financial return and social benefit. InstyMeds ® would be considered a socially responsible investment; conveying goodwill to the public and eventually bringing up our service to the next level. When the use of InstyMeds ® is grounded, it will become a new profit center for the firm.

Irvings American Progeny Essay -- essays papers

Irvings American Progeny Washington Irving had the unique opportunity of helping a new nation forge its own identity. America, fresh out of the revolution, looked for an author to take charge and create something that seemed to be missing from the newly born nation. He took this responsibility seriously and made a mythology that founded an American literary tradition. He took bits and pieces from the Old World and incorporated them into the New in such a manner that what he wrote appeared original, and yet tied into a tradition that was centuries old. He did this in a manner that astonished many Europeans who believed an American could never produce literature with such a strong English foundation. Although Irving relied heavily on European influence, he drew distinct lines between the American and the European and his plot lines illustrate the struggle between the United States and England. This amazing period in the nation’s history provided an excellent backdrop for Irving’s work. â€Å"‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ (is)†¦a celebration of the bounty of the United States,† (Bowden, 72). This bounty fueled the fire of social change that was burning in the U.S. at the time. â€Å"If we ever had a period during which social progress was not retarded then it was exactly the period Rip slept through. In that generation we were transformed from a group of loosely bound and often provincial colonies into a cocky and independent republic with a new kind of government and—as the story itself makes clear enough—a whole new and new-fashioned spirit,† (Young, 466). Irving took full advantage of the new scene around him, and immortalized himself by demonstrating the importance of what he saw. â€Å"‘When I first wrote the Legend of Rip Van Winkle,†... ...59): 137-149. Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 330-342. Roth, Martin, Comedy and America. Port Washington: Kennidat, 1976. Snell, George, â€Å"Washington Irving: A Revelation.† The Shapers of American Fiction: 1798-1947, (1947). 105-16. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1982. 382-383. Springer, Haskell. â€Å"Introduction to Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† (1974). Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 480-486. Wagenknecht, Edward, Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed. New York: Oxford UP, 1962. Young, Philip, Fallen From Time: Rip Van Winkle. Kenyon Review, Vol. XXII (1960): 547-73. 457-479.

Employment at Will Doc Essay

During the nineteenth century a legal rule was developed giving employer’s unfettered power to â€Å"dismiss their employees at will for good cause, for no cause or for cause morally wrong, without being thereby guilty of a legal wrong. † (Halbert, 2012, p. 49). This legal rule is commonly known as Employment-At-Will and ultimately the employer has the rights to sever the employer-employee relationship at any given time for any given reason and whether or not the employee thinks wrongful separation. It is a topic that is debated for many years and in today’s current economy and unemployment rate steadily increasing â€Å"Employment-at-will† is a doctrine that is being used more frequently as employers experience their present day lows. Employers however have to keep in mind the other that in 1960, federal civil rights laws created remedies against employers who fire workers because of their race, national origin, color, religion, sex, age, or disability (Halbert, 2012, p. 9). Later, in 1970s and 1980s, federal and state statutes include protection from retaliation for employees who report violations of environmental or workplace safety laws and those individuals are commonly known as â€Å"whistleblowers†. In essence, whistle blowers are typically long term, highly loyal employees who feel strongly that their company should do the right thing, because in the wave of scandal with major firms such as Enron and World. Com; Congress enacted corporate fraud reform legislation which provides provisions to protect those who report financial misconduct in publicly traded companies. This law is known as Sarbanes-Oxey, or SOX (Halbert, 2012, p. 50). In this assignment the scenario begins as a manager and supervisor of an accounting department, discuss the following issues related to the employment-at-will doctrine and liability of an employer based on actions and responses to the employee’s behavior and actions. Jennifer, a recent graduate, has recently been hired by your accounting firm out of college. Upon being hired, she engages in a number of different behaviors that need your attention. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving skills, competence, and abilities: †¢The employee seems to be unable to learn the computer applications that are basic to her job responsibilities, but, consistently â€Å"tells† her boss that she is â€Å"a good worker and a genius† and that he does not â€Å"appreciate her†. Even after a few months of training and support, she is unable to use the computer tools to be productive and efficient in completing the required tasks. Employers must first determine was this employee given adequate training, support and feedback while employed. However, feedback can include a performance management plan (PMP) where it measures an employee’s strengths, weaknesses, to the goals and expectations of the company and expectations of the position. If the action plan of re-training, possibly one on one coaching/mentoring are options for this employee and the employee is still not able to grasp the scope of her job duties; it may be a situation where in this scenario the employer can practice employment at will especially after exhausting all methods to help this employee gain as much knowledge that was assumed she was bringing to the company, the employer now may relinquish the employer-employee relationship for good, bad or for no cause at all. Further, the employer does not hold any legal liability as long as no contract was signed upon employment, however if an employee is unable to perform her job duties, the employer does not have much choice than to end employment. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving management, behavior, and performance: †¢In this scenario, an employee tends to burst into a rage when criticized and is frequently late to work as noticed by her boss and other staff members. When her boss attempts to address her behavioral issues and the company late policy, the employee’s response is that she â€Å"knows her rights and what to do† if she is wrongfully discharged. She also says she took a business law class in undergrad that taught her â€Å"everything she needs to know about exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and wrongful discharge in violation of public policy†. Clearly, if this employee has a tendency to have outbursts of rage when criticized this should always have a second party as a witness, along with proper documentation of all verbal reprimands, written warnings reprimands regarding the company’s late policy. We all know that when an employee is considering termination, you need to follow a defined process for best results (Kermit, 2012). There may be a valid reason for her tardiness, however, if the said employee stated she took business law classes in her undergraduate studies she should know full well employment at will outweighs wrongful termination if she was constantly late, violating company policy and warned her job could be in jeopardy, the employer can still choose to terminate employment. Maybe instead of the employee having outbursts, have her to explain the specific reasons for being late and these emotional outbursts because workplace hostility is not tolerated. Maybe the employer can offer her the Employee Assistance Program (EAP), which is a support services program to help balance work and life, maybe she has child care issues or lives in a household with only one vehicle, possibly advising her to seek employment within the company with a more flexible schedule. At any rate, this employee has been warned, given support and the problem still remains, the employer must then choose to use Employment At Will doctrine to separate the employee from employment but just as an employer can separate the employee from employment, so can an employee separate themselves from the employer as well; as the definition remains the same â€Å"employment at will†. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving labor and laws: †¢The employee takes a day off from work, without management consent, for her religious holiday observance that falls on a day that is during â€Å"tax season†. The day off occurred during an incredibly busy period for the company during which the employer had notified all employees they were not allowed to take off without prior management approval. Also, there is no labor union for accountants. However, she begins talking to her co-workers during lunch breaks and sometimes during regular work hours, encouraging them to organize and form a union to â€Å"protect ourselves†. Based upon the federal civil rights laws enacted in the 1960s, there are legal liabilities for dismissal of an employee based on race, national origin, color, religion, sex, age or disability (Halbert, 2012, p. 9). However, an employee cannot take it upon themselves to grant any day off, whether or not they have acquired leave to use for the day out of work. This could be a policy violation and considered a no call any show for work because you decided to take an authorized day off. Management has already expressed â€Å"all hands on deck† for their busiest season and discouraged employees from taking any days off during this time. However, if prior notification had been communicated to the employer of her religious holiday observance, her day off may have been approved. However, she clearly not just violated a policy but disturbed the flow of production and this can cause separation from employment as well but this employee should have sought other alternatives than to authorize her own day off. Also, the employer would need to be very careful before considering termination, due to her attempts to form unions; as early adjustments to the employment –at-will doctrine was made as workers fought for the right to organize and form unions. The U. S. Supreme Court declared that an employer could not use Employment –At – Will to intimidate or coerce its employee with respect to their self -organization; which means an employee cannot be terminated as punishment for attempting to organize a union (Halbert, 2012, p. 49). This employee may have a chance to remain employed in this scenario due to the â€Å"religious holiday observance† issue, however should be reprimanded for no call no show, written up and added to her employee file so there is proper documentation if she decides to authorize her next day off as discipline action to termination can occur. Also, if the employer can also practice â€Å"The Good Faith† covenant, which can be interpreted in different ways meaning that termination must be for cause to meaning that termination cannot be made in bad faith or with malice intended (Muhl, 2001) Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving policies and procedure. †¢The employee’s supervisor consistently asks her out on dates; the employee initially refuses to go out on a date with her supervisor. The employee later discusses the issue with her girlfriend who encourages her to accept his offers. During her new employee orientation, the employee was informed of the company policy which prevented employees from dating their supervisor and was given an employee handbook with the written policy. The employee and her supervisor later begin having a consensual relationship. Often times, employers have to make their employees constantly aware of certain policies and procedures within the workplace. They will have prepared documents as reminders of these internal policies involving securities, workplace violence, and sexual harassment just to name a few. These documents are required to be read and sign as acknowledgement that you fully understand and will be incompliance. In many companies fraternizing is not allowed within the workplace this information should have been advised by written policy in the company’s handbook and or during employee orientation but it is very important this type of relationship be deterred as it could result in sexual harassment case and lawsuits can be formulated. Workplace relationships are risky as they can cause unnecessary conflict and affect not only the work environment but jeopardize one’s areer. At any rate, ethics plays an important role in this scenario and must be considered before entering into any type of workplace relationship.

Contract Law: Frustration Essay

Question Martina owns two houses in Loughchester. In May, she entered into a contract with Loughchester University for it to rent the houses for the coming academic year for use as student accommodation. The University paid Martina  £750 straight away, with the rent to be paid to Martina by the University monthly in arrears. Martina then engaged Roger Roofers Ltd to carry out repairs on the roofs of the houses, to be completed by 23 September, in time for the arrival of the students. She paid Roger Roofers  £1,000, with the balance of  £3,000 to be paid on completion of the work. Consider the effect on Martina’s contracts of the following events. (a) On 1 September, when Roger Roofers had completed work on the first house, but not started on the second, the second house was struck by lightning, causing a fire that destroyed both houses. (b) As in (a), but only the second house was destroyed. The first house escaped damage. (c) As a consequence of an unexpected restriction on student numbers imposed by the government, Loughchester University recruited fewer students for its courses than it had expected and had a surplus of accommodation. It told Martina on 20 September that it would not need to use her houses, and regarded their contract as at an end. It also requested the repayment of the  £750 already paid. ANSWER The doctrine of frustration applies when there is a change of circumstances, after the conclusion of a contract; consequently rendering the contract impossible to perform or depriving the contract of its commercial purpose by the occurrence of an unexpected event not due to the act or default of either party. In the event of a contact being frustrated the contract is discharged at that date. Examples of some of the unforeseen events that have been acknowledged as giving rise to frustration are destruction of the subject matter (Taylor v Caldwell (1863)), government interference (BP Exploration v Hunt (1982)), supervening illegality (Denny, Mott and Dickson v James Fraser (1944)), strikes (The Nema (1982)) and ill health (Condor v Barron Knights (1966)). The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 was passed to provide a fair appointment of losses where a contract is discharged by frustration. The main provisions in the 1943 Act are s.1(2), which deals with recovery of money paid or payable prior to the frustrating event (Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning Agency (1995)), and s.1(3), which deals  with benefits given prior to that event. However, although in certain circumstances s 2(3) of the Act allows recovery for benefits conferred prior to the frustrating event, in BP Exploration v Hunt (1979), it was held that the frustrating event has had an effect of destroying the benefit, nothing will be recoverable under s.1(3). Situation (a) In the first situation, the two houses have been destroyed. According to the Implied Term Theory Test in Taylor v Caldwell (1863), the complete destruction of the specific objects necessary for performance of the contract will frustrate it. As regards the contract with the University, for many years it was thought that the doctrine of frustration could not apply to a lease for the reason that a lease created an interest in land and that interest in land was unaffected by the alleged frustrating event – Cricklewood Property Investment Trust v Leighton’s Investment Trusts Ltd (1945). However, this view was rejected by the House of Lords in National Carriers Ltd v Panalpina (Northern) Ltd (1981), it was held that a lease could be frustrated if intended use of the land became impossible. Therefore in line with this, the use of the land for the accommodation of the students was impossible to use again. Consequently the University’s obligation to pay rent will be disch arged. However can it recover the  £750 that it has already paid? According to S.1(2) allows money paid prior to the frustrating event to be returned, whether or not there is a total failure of consideration, and monies due prior to the date of frustration cease to be payable. S.1 (2) also allows for the recovery or retention of money to cover expenses incurred in relation to the contract. The extent of such an award is at the discretion of the court and is limited to the amount paid or due to be paid before the frustrating event. On the other hand, Martina will argue that she has spent money preparing the houses for student accommodation, and that she should therefore be able to retain the  £750. However in Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning Agency (1995), it was made clear that just because expenses have been incurred this does not automatically mean that retention of money paid will be allowed. Hence, the court will consider all of the circumstances, before deciding what a just result is. Therefore, on the facts given, Martina may be allowed to retain some or all of the  £500 towards her expenses. Nevertheless, it should be noted that s 1(2) does not  allow her to be awarded more than the  £750 that has already been paid, even if her expenses exceed this amount. The contract between Martina and Roger Roofers will be frustrated, as the work cannot be completed. S.1 (2) provides that money paid prior to the frustrating event is recoverable; therefore allowing Martina to recover the  £1,000. However Roger Roofers may argue that its expenses far exceed the  £1,000 and that the full amount should be retained. Under s.1 (3) a just sum can be awarded by the court to Roger Roofers for the work done on the first house to compensate for this. Yet, under the common law, this would have been impossible, since the decision in Appleby v Myers (1867) established that where the obligation to pay for work does not arise until after the frustrating event, no compensation for work done is recoverable. Thus, Roger Roofers will not be able to recover anything under s 1(3), regardless of the fact that it has done half the work under the contract. Situation (b) Here it involves one house being destroyed, that is, the contract may be frustrated. As per the contract between Martina and the University, the contract can still accommodate students. It was only one house that was destroyed. However, the main issue here will be whether the contract has become ‘radically different’ from what was intended by the parties. The frustrating event rendered the contract impossible, illegal, or radically different from that which was originally agreed to (Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham (1956)). Reference to cases such as Krell v Henry (1903) and Herne Bay Steam Boat Company v Hutton (1903), the trips round the bay could still be made. Fewer visitors were likely to avail themselves of the opportunity, and therefore the contract to hire the boat for prospective tours was likely to be less lucrative but not impossible nor fundamentally different from the performance agreed. Similarly, the contract between Martina and the University is less beneficial but there is no reason as to why it may be frustrated. Martina could argue that the contract was actually frustrated since otherwise she may be liable for breach in providing only one house, rather than two. Hence, the contract is in fact ‘radically different’, since only half of it can be performed. Thus, the 1943 Act will be applied same as in situation (a). The contract with Roger Roofers is frustrated, since the completion of its work is impossible. However the house on which the  roofing work has been done did survived the frustrating event. Consequently, Roger Roofers will use this to get compensation under s 1(3) of the 1943 Act. As Martina obtained a valuable benefit in that she now has a house with a repaired roof. Therefore, the court will consider the fact that Martina has to something to roger Roofers in addition to the  £1,000 already paid. Given that about half the work has been done, therefore a further  £1,000 might be given to him, to bring her payment up to half the contract price. Situation (c) In this situation, it was the government’s restriction on student numbers that may be regarded as the frustrating event. Therefore, this clearly affects the contract between Martina and the University; hence the contract with Roger Roofers should be disregarded. The government’s intervention can lead to the frustration of a contract. In Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr (1918) involved the requisitioning of property in war time. The issue with the University is that, some students were requesting accommodation, but they allocated them to premises other than Martina’s houses. However, the doctrine of frustration will not operate if the frustrating event was self-induced (Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935] AC 524). This limitation to the doctrine will apply even where the choice is simply, as to which contract to breach, as in the Super Servant Two [1990]. In allocating students accommodation other than Martina, the University exercised choice. Therefore the contract is not frustrated. The University has breached their contract with Martina. Consequently she will be allowed to retain the  £750 already paid. Any other losses would be recoverable, subject to the usual rules on remoteness and causation. On the contrary, under s.1(2) which allows money paid prior to the frustrating event to be returned, whether or not there is a total failure of consideration, and monies due prior to the date of frustration cease to be payable; the university might argue that they ought to recover money to cover expenses incurred in relation to the contract. The extent of such an award is at the discretion of the court and is limited to the amount paid or due to be paid before the frustrating event.

Political Terms Dominate New Dictionary Entries

Political Terms Dominate New Dictionary Entries Political Terms Dominate New Dictionary Entries Political Terms Dominate New Dictionary Entries By Mark Nichol Dictionary.com’s newest set of entries to its lexicon, and some revised definitions for existing terms, reflect the politically themed discourse that has dominated the media over the past year. This post shares and defines some of those terms. Alt-right, discussed in this DailyWritingTips.com post, is not new to Dictionary.com, but its definition has been extended to clarify that the central tenets of those who espouse extreme right wing ideology are white nationalism and anti-Semitism. Similarly, though far is of course not a new listing, its definition now alludes to the sense of extreme political views when it appears in combination with left and right. Meanwhile, the existing entry for alt refers to the abbreviation’s usage in alt-right, and the one for â€Å"white nationalism† makes a distinction, based on geopolitical focus, between that phrase and â€Å"white supremacy.† The phrase â€Å"fake news† has its own new entry, describing the term as pertaining to sensationalized false journalistic content that serves to boost ad revenue and/or discredit an entity that is the subject of the content. An entry surprising for its late appearance is â€Å"false flag,† which has long referred to the use by marine vessels of a flag of a country the ship doesn’t represent in order to deceive personnel on an enemy vessel. By extension, the term now alludes to events in which a country attacks its own territory or assets and blames the attack on a belligerent nation (or an entity such as a terrorist organization), or to similar operations carried out in civilian contexts, as when a group or individual frames another for a violent act the first group or individual secretly committed in order to discredit the other party. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

7 Types of Narrative Conflict

7 Types of Narrative Conflict 7 Types of Narrative Conflict 7 Types of Narrative Conflict By Mark Nichol Every work of literature, and much nonfiction narrative, is based on at least one of the following conflicts. When you write a story or a biography, or relate a true event or series of events, you need not focus on such themes, and there’s no reason to state them explicitly (except in passing, perhaps, to provide insight about a biographical subject), but you’re wise to identify the conflicts inherent in your composition and apply them as you write. 1. Person vs. Fate/God This category could be considered part of conflict with self or with society (many people count only four types of conflict, including those two and conflict with another person or with nature). That’s a valid argument, as one confronts fate as part of an internal struggle and religion is a construct of society, but explicitly naming fate (Oedipus Rex) or God or the gods (The Odyssey) as the antagonist is a useful distinction. 2. Person vs. Self A person’s struggle with his or her own prejudices or doubts or character flaws constitutes this type of conflict (Hamlet). 3. Person vs. Person Any story featuring a hero and a villain or villains (The Count of Monte Cristo) represents this type of conflict, though the villain(s) is/are often representative of another antagonist in this list, whether a villain is in essence an alter ego of the protagonist (thus representing the conflict of person versus self) or stands in for society. 4. Person vs. Society When the protagonist’s conflict extends to confronting institutions, traditions, or laws of his or her culture, he or she struggles to overcome them, either triumphing over a corrupt society (I draw a blank here), rejecting it (Fahrenheit 451), or succumbing to it (1984). 5. Person vs. Nature In this conflict, the protagonist is pitted against nature (Robinson Crusoe) or a representation of it, often in the form of an animal (Moby Dick). 6. Person vs. Supernatural Superficially, conflict with the supernatural may seem equivalent to conflict with fate or God, or representative of a struggle with an evocation of self (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) or nature (The Birds). But this category stands on its own feet as well. 7. Person vs. Technology Humanity’s innate skepticism about the wonders of technology has resulted in many stories in which antagonists use technology to gain power or in which technology takes over or becomes a malign influence on society (Brave New World). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Whenever vs. When EverUsing "zeitgeist" Coherently

Non Profit Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Non Profit Interview - Essay Example These most important, full-service healthiness care distributors are accountable for making sure that billions of components of prescription are securely distributed to the representatives of retail pharmacies, treatment habitats, treatment centers and contributors in all 50 states. HDMA together with the associates are the essential connection in the healthcare scheme that is accountable for medication security, excellence, reliability and accessibility within the market. In the course of management on public guiding principle and industry best performance, the organization together with its member's center on providing worth, eliminating expenses and increasing inventive resolution to bring care carefully and efficiently. In this particular work, we are going to major in the roles and the contribution of the organization to the society, this will be as regard to the interviews that were carried out in the organization. It will mainly focus on the views of the interviewees and will be based on their organization together with their roles in the society. These organizations are placed in the society strategically so as to have a positive impact in the community. Within the interview carried out, one of the interviewee, Tirza Niemann says that the sectors are established so that it can enable the adult to obtain education (Hodgkinson pg 255). This is as they do provide the facilities of the education within their organization. This is seen among the members of the meetings, marketing and education section in the healthcare organization found in the Washington D.C in the metro area. With this, it is clear that other than just distributing the health care products to the retailers, the organization also has a section from which they have organized to at least provide education to the adults. This is the type of the education that is given to the individuals of whom were late for their studies in their respective stages. Thus, the organization facilitates their progression of the education in such a manner that they are either full or p artially sponsored to pursue with their education in their respective stages and fields. This is usually done by the use of the seminars or even webinars. Other than giving the financially disabled people the opportunity to proceed with their education, they also offer some of the training to the ones of whom are not good in the paper works. With this, they do provide the technical trainings such as the mechanics or the tailoring training for the ones who did not qualify for their next stage but rather they need something that will help them to attain their living. According to Linda Coporaletti Hoyt who is a director in the administration and human resource section in the HDMA organization, says that the non profit sector is entitled to expose the members of whom worker in the organization in such away that they can be able to perform in any field that it is represented to them. To attain this, the members in the organization are forced to volunteer some of their time to participate in the committee organized by the organization. Other than that, the organization are set to ensure that the members in the society are well enlightened with the commodity that they are providing to them as this will enable

Assess the significance of Austrian and Post-Keynesian criticisms of Essay - 1

Assess the significance of Austrian and Post-Keynesian criticisms of the standard neoclassical view of the competitive process - Essay Example Contextually, neo-classical approach advocates on the existence of perfect competition and market equilibrium. On the other hand, Austrian approach ignores the assumption claimed by the neo-classical approach and emphasizes on claiming that there exists nothing static at the marketplace as the market itself is highly dynamic (Block & et. al., 2002). Similarly, Post-Keynesian approach also firmly rejects the assumption of neo-classical approach and further states that market is about uncertainty and firms at the market place are totally unaware of their future (Lee, 1986). Based on these understandings, the paper intends to identify and assess the various implications of these three approaches in a more elaborated form. Furthermore, the paper also attempts to compare and critique the neo-classical approach in the light of Austrian and Keynesian thoughts of economics. Neo-Classical view of competition is based on the assumption of perfect competition economic conditions. The assumptions of perfect competition can be illustrated as the appropriate conditions which need to be present in the market place in order to ensure the existence of situations acclaiming a perfectly competitive industrial structure (Hunt & Morgan, 1995). Neo-Classical theory advocates the existence of large numbers of sellers in a relatively small market size offering homogeneous products to a significant range of consumers. Furthermore, the theory tends to ensure that all the participants at the market place possess a perfect knowledge of the commodity offered, including price and related costs of each good/service. The theory also intends to achieve the perfect mobility of factors of productions. As a result, during the existence of such conditions, both the producers and customers are in the position to influence the price of the commodities offered at the market place. It is worth mentioning that due to the presence of large

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka - Essay Example The company understands the significance of retaining customers therefore, it will work on the principle that marketing strategy will aim to satisfy its customers by making a reputable name in the market. Mission The Echeverry Vodka mission is to lead the best quality and innovative production of wine in the American market. The company will keep very close and excellent relationships with the consumers to fulfill their needs and requirements. Company will satisfy consumers at any place or time with the best quality product. The Echeverry Vodka will also keep satisfactory profit margins from its business to maintain the company’s growth and financial stability. The vodka company will maintain a friendly and healthy working environment by adding value to the people and implement innovative marketing strategies to strengthen market position by introducing innovative, new, and best quality products in the existing competitive market. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives for the vodka company that they will follow to maintain its growth and position in the market are: Every month, the company will sustain its positive growth and stability. Each quarter, company will show increasing market penetration. The company will design marketing strategies with huge campaigns for awareness of its product through the trade shows, which will be figured out by the consumer’s responses and feedbacks on quality of the product. The company will use different modes of advertising to market their product through media, home programs and special shows, through direct mails, hotel guides and different charity events. Market Needs To determine the need of market is the most significant management activity for companies because it is useful for making or developing the new product (Morey, Maybury, & Thuraisingham, 2002). The company will provide tasteful wine to its customers and taste of Echeverry Vodka will be different from the competitors wine. Most of the peop le in Virginia are experiencing similar taste of wine therefore, it is the need of the market to introduce new wine different from others, and people will be able to get a different feeling when experiencing that wine. Echeverry Vodka seeks to provide high quality wine to its customer for making them satisfy and enticing them to drink this wine again. Market Analysis and Competitors: Due to the economic downturn of 2008, the Virginia wine industry has seen a decline, because people became hesitant of buying the product for their luxury. Due to this reason, the competitors have cut down their prices because they do not want to lose their market share (Full Glass Research, 2011). However, Echeverry Vodka has decided to launch itself because it is predicted that the wine industry will increase by 11% in the year 2013, and revenues of this industry will increase up to $49 billion. The popularity of mixed drinks is rapidly increasing in the market and consumer’s spending for non-d urable goods has increased more than 6% therefore, company has an opportunity to launch itself at this stage. The main competitors of Echeverry Vodka are Absolut Vodka and Smirnoff because the rates these competitors are offering is similar to the rates of Echeverry Vodka (ABC, 2012). Financial Objective The Financial Objectives that Echeverry Vodka Company will follow are as follows: Every quarter the company

Ethical hacking

Ethical hacking Chapter 1 Introduction Ethical hacking is an emerging tools used by most of the organizations for testing network security. The security risks and vulnerabilities in a network can be recognized with the help of ethical hacking. This research completely concentrates on ethical hacking, problems that may occur while hacking process is in progress and various ethical hacking tools available for organizations. Information is the important source for any organizations while executing business operations. Organizations and government agencies have to adopt ethical hacking tools in order secure important documents and sensitive information (Harold F. Tipton and Micki Krause, 2004). Ethical hacker professionals have to be hired in order to test the networks effectively. Ethical hackers perform security measure on behalf of the organization owners. In order to bring out the ethical hacking efforts perfectly a proper plan must be executed. Ethical hacking has the ability to suggest proper security tools that can avo id attacks on the networks. Hacking tools can be used for email systems, data bases and voice over internet protocol applications in order to make communications securely. Ethical hacking can also be known as penetration testing which can be used for networks, applications and operating systems (Jeff Forristal and Julie Traxler, 2001). Using hacking tools is a best method for identifying the attacks before it effect the entire organization. Ethical hackers are nothing but authorized users for the sensitive information or networks of an organization. Using hacking techniques for handling employees in organization and for solving critical judicial cases is not a crime. An ethical hacker use same tools and actions as performed by normal hacker. The main aspect in ethical hacking is that target permission is essential for performing hacking on the information. Ethical hacking can be used while performing security audits in the organization (Kevin Beaver, 2010). Thus, ethical hacking can help in testing the networks by finding out various vulnerabilities. In ethical hacking, a user will get permission to access the important data. Aims and Objectives Aim To investigate the importance of ethical hacking and its implementation in organizations Objectives Finding the importance of ethical hacking tools Understanding the ethical hacking process Implementing ethical hacking tools in an organization Purpose of Study The main of this research is to recognize ethical hacking tools that can be used in organizations and government agencies. Testing the networks is essential in order to maintain security for the organizational information. The difficulties in networks have to be recognized by the security professional so that they can be solved before effecting the organization operations (James S. Tiller, 2005). This research also focuses on carrying out the ethical hacking tools in a particular organization. The advantages of using ethical hacking in business firms can be evaluated by this study. Ethical hacking tools can be implemented in various fields of applications. Various security professionals can be efficient in ethical hacking tools by undergoing a training process. Another major intension of this research is to identify the importance of ethical hacking professionals in providing security to the networks. (Nina Godbole, 2008). Thus, this research entirely focuses on ethical hacking tools which can be implemented for testing the networks. Research Context This research on ethical hacking can be very useful to many organizations as it can provide clear idea about hacking tools. Security professionals and normal users have to be trained well in order to use hacking tools. The importance of ethical hacking while solving many judicial cases can be identified with the help of this research. Management of an organization can be benefited largely through implementing hacking tools. Hacking tools implementation process can be understood with the help of this research (Ronald L. Krutz and Russell Dean Vines, 2007). Network security or data security engineers in organization will come to know about new ethical hacking methods and techniques that are available in the present market by concentrating on this research. The concepts in this study provide knowledge related to security improvements. Business users can hack the data in order to use it for the purpose of evaluating a correct process. Management has to take precautionary measures while a llowing the professional to hack ethically because data may be misused (Rajat Khare, 2006). Scholars who concerned with information security can take the help of this study for attaining the knowledge on hacking systems. Many organizations are encouraging ethical hacking professionals in order to control their business operations effectively. Email systems, data bases and communication applications can avoid or identify attacks by adopting the hacking tools. Malicious attacks on the information or software can be prevented by implementing this research while using ethical hacking tools. The organizations that concerned with security in networks have to use ethical hacking tools (Greg Meyer and Steven Casco, 2002). Hence from the above discussion it can be understood that, business firms, investigating agencies, government systems and web users can make use of this research to achieve the important information in authorized manner. Chapter 2:Literature Review Ethical Hacking and its importance The word hacking is defined as an illegal use of the others computer system or the network resources. Hacker is the term which is formerly meant for the skillful programmer. This is mostly found in the countries like United States and many other countries. The word hacker refers to the names of the persons who enjoys the work in learning the details of the computer systems and stretch the capabilities from the system (Rajat Khare, 2006). The system of hacking describes the fast improvement in the new programs that make the codes for the providing a better security to the system with more efficiency. The word cracker also belongs to the same field it make use of the hacking skills for the unlawful purposes like email id, intruding into others system. Hacking is of different types such as back door hacking, viruses and worms, Trojan horses, Denial of Services, anarchists, crackers, kiddies and ethical hacking (Kevin Beaver, 2010). In the types of hacking system one of the most common h acking is ethical hacking. This is defined as the services that provides the securities for the customers networks, information assets and identifies the vulnerabilities to maintain the reputation of the corporate sectors before it exploit the company. This type of the hacking system provides the high securities to the customers methodologies and techniques to yield high qualities of infrastructures. The ethical hacking system includes some of the service like: Application Testing War Dialing Network Testing Wireless Security System Hardening Application Testing This is an uncover design or the logic flaws which result in the compromising with the unauthorized accessing of the systems, networks, applications or the information regarding the systems. This application testing is used for investigating and identifying the extent and the criticality of the problems exposure to the thick client (Java) and thin client (web browsers) applications. This application testing includes the services like client-side application testing and web application testings (Joel Scambray, Mike Shema and Caleb Sima, 2006). The client-side application testing is the process of developing the software that is used for the measuring the integrated security into the client software constituents. In this system this testing application is based on the gathering of the information by observer using the reverse engineering system. War Dialing This is one of the services that are provided by ethical hacking. War dialing is a method of dialing a modem number to identify open modem connection that supplies access in a remote way to a network for targeting a particular system (Kimberly Graves, 2007). This word is originated from the day the when the internet has come into the existence in most of the companies. This follows the method of scanning to find the strength of the network connection. The tools of War dialing work on the concept that organizations do not pay attention to dial-in ports like they do towards the firewalls. Network Testing The networking testing services of the ethical hacking provides the information on the exposures of the network, services, and solutions on the convergence, protocols and system devices including the virtual private network technologies. This testing process includes a number of constitutes in external and internal devices. It also analyzes the applications of the voice over Internet protocol within the environment of the organization (Greg Meyer and Steven Casco, 2002). The main goal of the network testing application is to make obvious demonstration of the political effects on its development. By making use of this application into the organization, it provides a complete enlightenment to the work for determining the result in the organization. Wireless Security Wireless security services measures the security in the available architecture to provide a guidelines to ensure the system integrity and accessibility of the resources. The working of wireless security is based on the three phases. In the first phase of the operation it identifies the activeness of the wireless networks (Cyrus Peikari and Seth Fogie, 2003). The team of the ethical hacking demonstrates the exposure to the attackers with the space in the wireless network. In the seconds phase of this system it implements a normal users to evaluate the measures of the security that secures the infrastructures of the organization to control the accessing of the devices. During the third phase the team will try to utilize the discovered threats to gain access on other networks. This provides the security in wireless local area network, virtual private network, intrusion detection system and wireless public key infrastructure. System Hardening The system hardening stresses on the network vicinity. Security is the prime factor that determines the level of integrity of the information and resources used in the computing. Effective deployment of the security controls unauthorized, accidental disruption if resources in information technology (Kevin Beaver and Peter T. Davis, 2005). The system hardening assessment is complemented in three phases. The ethical hacking team will analyze the network to identify the loop holes in security updates and other frequent security defects. Scanning of the remote access devices is done for finding out the vulnerabilities. The configuration vulnerabilities and missing security updates are determined in the initial phase. In the second step the host operating system is examined to determine the services available for remote users and their level of impact. All the TCP/IP services and also the Telnet, FTP, Send-mail, DNS and others are tested (James S. Tiller, 2005). The packet fragmenting and loose source routing are used in an attempt to bypass filtering routers and firewalls. The last phase is complicated as the team uses the information gathered from the first two steps to mine the weaknesses and threats that were identified to gain access to the host system. Before the start of the three steps the boundaries for actions and events are determined. Hence from the above context it can be stated that ethical hacking is a methodology that is used for gathering the information on the hacker. The ethical hacker is the expert who is hired by an organization to solve the problems related to hacking in their network and computer system. Need for Ethical Hacking The process of employing someone to hack ones company is ethical hacking. Ethical hacking is one of the tools that are used to judge the security programs of the organizations. It is also referred as penetrating testing, red teaming, intrusion testing, vulnerability and even security judgments. Each one these has different meanings in different countries. Hacking is also described as new development of the existing programs, software and code. It makes them better and more efficient (James S. Tiller, 2005). Ethical hacker can know the details of computer while hacking and become the security professional. It involves in foot-printing, scanning, tacking all the secured information. Ethical means a philosophy with morality. Hackers hack systems to detect dangerous, unauthorized access and misuse (Shon Harris, Allen Harper, Chris Eagle and Jonathan Ness, 2007). Threat and vulnerability are the two dangers the hacker has to face. The hacking report must be confidential as it should face the organizations security risks. If this goes wrong in any way the organization results in fatal, penalties and loss. For example: computer crime is done by misuse of their hacking skills. The need to hack is for catching the thief. Ethical hacking is the correct method to make your computers work properly (Kevin Beaver, 2010). Ethical hacker needs higher level skills compared to penetration testing. Penetration testing is same as ethical hacking but the hacker uses the penetrating tools and tests the security danger. Ethical hacking is known as White Hat in some of the literature. It tests both the security and protective issues whereas penetrating test mainly leads with the security issues (Asoke K. Talukder and Manish Chaitanya, 2008). Some of the websites and companies offer the training, but they cannot be created they are self-made. Various types of testing need different types of softwares and tools. Game freaks use hacking technology in order to win the game. Hackers will d iscover many ways to hack like trial and error method, operating systems, online and determining the threats. Ethical hacking is done by hackers on behalf of the owners, and in normal hacking they use their skills for personal use (Debra Littlejohn Shinder and Micheal Cross, 2008). Cyber terrorism includes common hacking techniques such like viruses, email bombs and natural disasters. Thus ethical hacking is done by hackers on owners request. Mainly this is seen in corporate companies and organizations. Ethical hacking techniques are used for game cheat codes, hacking accounts and other for good result. Majorly used for fight against cyber terrorism and to take preventive action on hackers Types of ethical hackings Ethical hackers use various methods for breaking the security system in the organizations in the period of cyber attack. Various types of ethical hacks are: Remote Network: This process in especially utilized to recognize the attacks that are causing among the internet. Usually the ethical hacker always tries to identify the default and proxy information in the networks some of then are firewalls, proxy etc. Remote dial up network: Remote dial up network hack identify and try to protest from the attack that is causing among the client modern pool. For finding the open system the organizations will make use of the method called war dialing for the representative dialing. Open system is one of the examples for this type of attacks. Local Network: local network hack is the process which is used to access the illegal information by making use of someone with physical access gaining through the local network. To start on this procedure the ethical hacker should ready to access the local network directly. Stolen Equipment: By making use of the stolen equipment hack it is easy to identify the information of the thefts such as the laptops etc. the information secured by the owner of the laptop can be identified (Kimberly graves, 2007). Information like username, password and the security settings that are in the equipment are encoded by stealing the laptop. Social engineering: A social engineering attack is the process which is used to check the reliability of the organization; this can be done by making use of the telecommunication or face to face communication by collecting the data which can be used in the attacks (Bryan Foss and Merlin Stone, 2002). This method is especially utilized to know the security information that is used in the organizations. Physical Entry: This Physical entry organization is used in the organizations to control the attacks that are obtained through the physical premises (Ronald l. Krutz and russel dean Vines, 2007). By using the physical entire the ethical hacker can increase and can produce virus and other Trojans directly onto the network. Application network: the logic flaws present in the applications may result to the illegal access of the network and even in the application and the information that is provided in the applications. Network testing: In this process it mainly observes the unsafe data that is present in the internal and the external network, not only in the particular network also in the devices and including the virtual private network technologies Wireless network testing: In this process the wireless network reduces the network liability to the attacker by using the radio access to the given wireless network space. Code review: This process will observe the source code which is in the part of the verification system and will recognize the strengths and the weakness of the modules that are in the software. War dialing: it simply identifies the default information that is observed in the modem which is very dangerous to the corporate organizations. Techniques and tools required for ethical hacking Ethical hacker needs to understand how to find the network range and subnet mask of the target system. IP addresses are used to locate, scan and connect the target systems. Ethical hacker also should find out the geographical location of target system. This can be done by tracing the messages that are sent to destination and the tools used are traceroute, Visual route and NeoTrace to identify the route the target (Kimberly Graves, 2007). Ethical hacking should use right tools or else task accomplishment of task effectively is difficult. Many security assessment tools will produce false positive and negative or may they even miss susceptibility to attacks. In case of tests in case of physical security assessments they miss weakness. In order for ethical hacking specific tools have to be used for the task chosen. The easier the ethical hacking will become if many tools are used. The right tool must be used at right place. The characteristics in tools for ethical hacking is it should ha ve sufficient document, detailed reports should be there on the discovered attacks regarding their fixing and explosion, Updates and support. The general tools used for ethical hacking in case to find passwords are cracking tools such as LC4, John the Ripper and pwdump (Bragg, Mark Phodes Ousley and Keith Strassberg, 2004). The general tools like port scanner like SuperScan cannot be used to crack passwords. The Web-assessment tools such as Whisker or WebInspect tools are used for analysis of Web applications in depth. Whereas network analyzer tools such as ethereal cannot give good results. While using the tools for any particular task it is better to get feedback from the simple Google searches such as SecurityFocus.com, SearchSecurity.com and Itsecurity.com will give nice feedback from the other security experts which makes ethical hacking easy and to select the right tool. Some of the commercial, freeware and open source security tools are Nmap (Network Mapper), Etherpeek, Super Scan, QualysGuard, WebInspect and LC4, LANguard Network Security Scanner, Network Stumbler and ToneLoc. The capabilities of many security and hacking tools are often misunderstood, such as SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks) and Nmap. The other popular tools used in ethical hacking are Internet scanner, Ethreal, Nessus, Nikto, Kismet and THC-Scan (Kevin Beaver, 2007). Cain and able is a ethical tool used for recovery of windows UNIX problems. This is only password recovery tool handles an enormous variety of tasks. It can recover the password by sniffing the network, cracking the encrypted passwords using Dictionary and Cryptanalysis, recording VoIP conversations, decoding scrambled passwords, revealing the password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols. Ethereal is a fantastic open source tool used as network protocol for UNIX and Windows. It allows examining the data which is present in disk or file and can capture the data. This is also known as Wire shark. It has many powerful features which have very rich display filter language and ability to view the TCP session. Another cracking tool Aircrack is the fastest available cracking tool (John Hyuk Park, Hsiao-Hwa Chen and Mohammed Atiquzzaman, 2009). Thus proper tools and techniques has to be used for better hacking and it will be easier by using more and more tools required. Hacking operating system Linux is the operating system which is most useful software that supports and will be helpful to identify the passwords and uses in detecting interruption there are many software tools are utilized for the hacking and security tools are used for the Linux. The tools which are using in this are not harmful tools this is especially used to protect. John the ripper: John the ripper is nothing but password hacking software technique which is usually used to develop for the UNIX operating system. This the most significant process which is used for password testing as it joins all password crackers into single package and the auto detects password hash types which involves the customizable cracker (Ryan, David R. Mirza Ahmad, 2002). It can be run among the different encrypted password methods which involves various crypt password hash forms where usually found on the different UNIX operating systems that is based on the DES, MD5 etc, Kerberos AFS and windows like XP, 200etc.Generally passwords are placed in the LDAP and other tools. Various types of components are used to expand the capability and for involving the MD4 related password hashes. The other one is the NMAP; Nmap is the used to protect the network. It is especially used to identify the network related services on the computer network by generating the map of the network . Nmap is having the ability to identify the services on the computer network instead of this it never advertises its service detection protocol (James turnbull, 2005). However the Nmap can collect many details regarding the remote computers. This will involve the operating system, and uptimes etc are the software products that are used to execute the service, and are used to involve on the local area networks and also on the dealer of the remote network card. Nmap can be run on the linux. Linux is the most important operating system and the windows are the second most important operating system. The other operating system used is Nessus, this software is used to scan the virus. The main aim of this software is used to identify the virus on the tested system such as; the virus will permit the data on to the network (Mark Carey, Russ Rogers, Paul Criscuolo and mike Petruzzi, 2008). Default passwords are utilized on the network accounts. This software is also called as the external to ol which is used to launch the attack. By making use of the mangled packets rejection of the service among the TCP/IP can be done. Nessus the best software used to scan the virus. Many organizations through out the world are using this software. The check Rootkit is the normal program which helps the administrator to check their system for the known rootkits ( James Turnbull, 2005). This program is the shell script by using the LINUX tools similar to the strings and the grep commands to seek out to carry out the core programs for the signatures with the executed process status command to look for inconsistency. This program alternatively use own commands to run. This tool will permit check rootkit to get confident the commands upon which it depend a bit more. Applications and resources Ethical hacking is nothing but the one which performs the hacks as security tests for their systems. Ethical hacking can be used in many applications in case of web applications which are often beaten down. This generally includes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) applications are most frequently attacked because most of the firewalls and other security are things has complete access to these programs from the Internet. Malicious software includes viruses and Trojan horses which take down the system. Spam is a junk e-mail which causes violent and needless disturbance on system and storage space and carry the virus, so ethical hacking helps to reveal such attacks against in computer systems and provides the security of the system. The main application of this is to provide the security on wireless infrastructure which is the main purpose of present business organization (BT, 2008). Ethical hacking has become main stream in organizations which are wishing to test their intellectual and technical courage against the underworld. Ethical hacking plays important role in providing security. Resources are the computer related services that performs the tasks on behalf of user. In Ethical hacking the resources are the core services, objects code etc (James Tiller S, 2005). The ethical hacking has advantages of gaining access to an organizations network and information systems. This provides the security in the area of Information technology called as Infosec. This provides security to the high level attacks such as viruses and traffic trough a firewall. This has been providing the security for various applications which are even bypassing the firewalls, Intrusion-detection systems and antivirus software. This includes hacking specific applications including coverage of e-mails systems, instant messaging and VOIP (voice over IP). The resources i.e. devices, systems, and applications that are generally used while performing the ha cking process are Routers, Firewalls, Network infrastructure as a whole, wireless access points and bridges, web application and database servers, E-mail and file servers, workstations, laptops and tablet PCs, Mobile devices, client and server operating systems, client and server applications (Kevin Beaver, 2007). Ethical hacking tests both the safety and the security issues of the programs (Ashoke Talukder K and Manish Chaitanya, 2008). Hence from the above context it can be stated as the ethical hacking is important in the present scenario as providing security is very important now a day. This is very important in web applications as the hacking can be easily done in this case. Problems Ethical hacking is the backbone of network security. The basic problems with this is trustworthiness of the Ethical hacker because lets take an example if a person has been appointed to do Ethical hacking, to provide security for the bank financial issues if the person is not trust to believe this is not safe as the person only considered as thief. Sometimes the big organizations face any problem like there passwords has been hack, this case hiring professionals is very expensive and the organization need to spend a lot on this (Ethical Hacking, 2009). Ethical hacking is just the security to the problem it is not the ultimate solution to it. Ethical hacking report must be kept confidential because they highlight the organizations security risks and attacks. If this document has been falls into the wrong hand the result would be very disastrous for the organization, the main drawback here is the entire information of the organization will be in hands of wrong person and which leads to the loss of the company (Kimberly Graves, 2007). Ethical hacking generally involves breaking down the computer applications and by collecting specific information from the target the ethical hacker can successful to access the information and can reveal it. This results in that highly sensitive information about the targets security capabilities is collected and maintained far away from the owners control. If this information fall into wrong hands results in real attack on the company and another problem is if the information is leaked to the public or stockholders, the business will be in risk, which results in all types of disasters, including negative character by media, loss of customers and legal consequences (James Tiller S, 2005). Ethical hacking use tools while it performing the activity, if the methods and tools are used incorrectly they cause damage (Dr. Bruce Hartly V, 2003). Hence from the above context it can be stated as Ethical hacking provides security but behind th at it provides the disadvantages like the Ethical hacker should be trusted by the organization or business and in case sometimes highly professionals may cost the organization very much so that company has to provide from the unplanned budget and if it goes into the wrong persons hand the business will be in danger and loss of the organization will takes place. Chapter 3: Research Methodology of Hacking Data types: Data type is defined as the format of a data storage which is used to store different set of values. It tells about which type of data to be stored and where to be stored. Data is stored in computer memory. There are two types of data. They are primary data and secondary data. Both primary and secondary data illustrates the gathering of information and to satisfy the goals of business. Primary data is nothing but it is the data which is collected newly and for the first time. The primary data is original. It is the fresh data and is never gathered before. Secondary data is the data which is collected by others (Norman Blaikie, 2009). The data is collected from newspapers, magazines and journals. Secondary data is gathered before primary data since it is time consuming. Data is gathered newly in case of primary data so it takes much time. Secondary data consumes less time. Primary data is used in ethical hacking since the data gathered in this type of data is very efficient. Ethical h acking is used legally for the official purposes. Since primary data is unique and is not compared with any one, it is used in the process of ethical hacking (Rajat Khare, 2006) Hence from the above context it can be said that data types are useful in the ethical hacking. Case study: According to media and people the word hacking denotes misuse and collapse of computers. They describe it as unfair method of solving the problem. In the view of ethical hackers the word hacking refers to creative. One of the organization namely Amazon, it is not proposed to point out the lesser features but deals with tricks for working the company efficiently. Hackers and developers will create new characteristics for Amazon. They bring out the creative thinking and innovative ideas by their work in company (Paul Bausch, 2003). Mainly the ethical hacking is the good way to improve the existing methods and qualities. Many organizations follow these because one can know the administrative password of employees, can reach the behaviour of them and working performance. Employee performance and his project carryout can be studied through ethical hacking. These hackings look easy for them since they are engaged with the security firms to protect the Amazon fields. Not only in Amazon in e ach and every organization is this steps fol